::SENTENCE AND IT'S TYPES::
Sentence বা বাক্যক ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠণ অনুসৰি তলত দিয়া ধৰণে বিভাজন কৰিব পাৰি ।
উদ্দেশ্য অনুসৰি Sentence -ক ৫টা ভাগত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি । যেনে -
1. Assertive Sentence. 2. Interrogative Sentence 3. Imperative Sentence 4. Exclamatory Sentence
5. Optative Sentence
ASSERTIVE SENTENCE ::
যি Sentence -এ সাধাৰণভাৱে কোনো ঘটনা(Event/Incident) বা বিবৃতি (Statement) বর্ণনা বা প্রকাশ কৰে তাক Assertive Sentence বোলে । Assertive Sentence-ৰ শেষত সদায় Full Stop(.) বহে ।
Assertive Sentence-ৰ মৌলিক গাঁথনি তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হ'ল :-
1. SV => Subject + Verb Example=> Birds fly.
2. SVA => Subject + Verb + Adjunct. Example => The book is on the table.
3. SVC => Subject + Verb + Complement. Example => He is a Teacher.
4. SVO => Subject + Verb + Object. Example => He kicked the ball.
5. SVOA => Subject + Verb + Object + Adjunct. Example => He put the pen in the bag.
6. SVOC => Subject + Verb + Object + Complement. Example => They made him angry.
7. SVOO => Subject + Verb + Object + Object. Example => Ram gave him the book.
Assertive Sentence দুই ধৰনৰ হ'ব পাৰে । যেনে-
1) Affirmative Sentence (হয়বোধক বাক্য) 2. Negative Sentence(নহয়বোধক বাক্য)
ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা Sentence বোৰ Affirmative Sentence (হয়বোধক বাক্য) -ৰ উদাহৰণ । অর্থাৎ, সাকাৰাত্মক বা হয় বা হোৱা অর্থ প্রকাশ কৰা Sentence-ক Assertive Sentence বোলে ।
আনহাতে, নাকাৰাত্মক বা নহয় বা নোহোৱা অর্থ প্রকাশ কৰা Sentence-ক Negative Sentence বোলে । Negative Sentence বোৰত NO,NOT, DO NOT, DOES NOT, DID NOT, HAS NOT, HAD NOT, CANNOT, COULD NOT আদি বহে । এই Negative চিনবোৰ সদায় Sentence-ৰ পিছত বহে ।
ক্রিয়াৰ সময় হিচাপে Assertive Sentence-ৰ মৌলিক গাঁথনি তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হ'ল :-
PRESENT TENSE:
1) Simple Present Tense => গঠণ => Subject + Verb1 + Object +.... Example=> I read a book.
2) Present Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject +BV(am/is/are)+ Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I am reading a book.
3)Present Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject + have/has + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I have read a book.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + have/has +been+ Verb1+ing + Object +.... Example=> I have been reading a book.
PAST TENSE:
1) Simple Past Tense => গঠণ => Subject + Verb2 + Object +.... Example=> I read a book.
2) Past Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject +BV(was/were)+ Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I was reading a book.
3)Past Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject +had + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I had read a book.
4) Past Perfect Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + had +been+ Verb1+ing + Object +.... Example=> I had been reading a book.
FUTURE TENSE:
1) Simple Future Tense => গঠণ => Subject +Shall/Will+ Verb1 + Object +.... Example=> I shall read a book.
2) Future Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + Shall/ Will + be + Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I shall be reading a book.
3)Future Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject +Shall/ Will + have + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I shall have read a book.
4) Future Perfect Continuous Tense => ( আজি-কালি ইয়াৰ ব্য়ৱহাৰ প্রায় নাই বুলিয়েই ক'ব পাৰি ) ।
Negative Sentence বোৰত NO,NOT, DO NOT, DOES NOT, DID NOT, HAS NOT, HAD NOT, CANNOT, COULD NOT আদি বহে । এই Negative চিনবোৰ সদায় Sentence-ৰ পিছত বহে । যেনে -
PRESENT TENSE:
1) Simple Present Tense => গঠণ => Subject +do/does not + Verb1 + Object +.... Example=> I do not read a book.
2) Present Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject +BV(am/is/are)+ not + Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I am not reading a book.
3)Present Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject + have/has + not + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I have not read a book.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + have/has + not +been+ Verb1+ing + Object +.... Example=> I have not been reading a book.
PAST TENSE:
1) Simple Past Tense => গঠণ => Subject + did not + Verb1 + Object +.... Example=> I did not read a book.
2) Past Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject +BV(was/were)+ not + Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I was not reading a book.
3)Past Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject +had + not + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I had not read a book.
4) Past Perfect Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + had + not +been+ Verb1+ing + Object +.... Example=> I had not been reading a book.
FUTURE TENSE:
1) Simple Future Tense => গঠণ => Subject +Shall/Will + not + Verb1 + Object +.... Example=> I shall not read a book.
2) Future Continuous Tense => গঠণ => Subject + Shall/ Will + not + be + Verb + ing + Object +.... Example=> I shall not be reading a book.
3)Future Perfect Tense => গঠণ => Subject +Shall/ Will + not + have + Verb3 + Object +.... Example=> I shall not have read a book.
4) Future Perfect Continuous Tense => ( আজি-কালি ইয়াৰ ব্য়ৱহাৰ প্রায় নাই বুলিয়েই ক'ব পাৰি ) ।
:: INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE ::
যি Sentence-ৰ দ্বাৰা কোনো প্রশ্ন সোধা হয় বা সাধাৰণতে প্রশ্ন সুধিবলৈ যি বাক্য ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, তাক Interrogative Sentence বোলে । Interrogative Sentence -ৰ শেষত সদায় প্রশ্নবোধক চিন (?) বা Question Mark দিয়া হয় ।
Interrogative Sentence-ৰ কিছুমান বৈশিষ্ট্য হ'ল -
১। Interrogative Sentence-ৰ আৰম্ভনিত সদায় Auxiliary Verb ( am, is, are, was, were, can, must, will, shall, have, has, had আদি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । Auxiliary Verb নাথাকিলে Do Verb (Do/Does/Did হিচাপে) ৰ সহায় লৈ Interrogative কৰা হয় ।যেনে -
Is John writing a letter ? Do you play football ? Are you joking ? ইত্যাদি
২। Interrogative Sentence-ৰ আৰম্ভনিতে Wh- Words ( who, which, whom, what, whose, when, where, why আৰু how) আদি শব্দ বিলাক ব্যৱহাৰ হ'লে এইবোৰ বাক্যটোৰ আৰম্ভনিতে বহিব । যেনে -
What is your name ? When did he come ? ইত্যাদি
বিভিন্ন ক্রিয়াৰ কাল বা Tense অনুসৰি Interrogative Sentence-ৰ গঠন তলত দিয়া ধৰণে হয় । যেনে-
Present Tense
Simple Present Tense-
Form : Do /Does + Subject + Verb1 + Object ?
Example - Do you know the man ?
Does he/she do the sum ?
Present Continuous Tense-
Form : Be Verb (am/is/are) + Subject + Verb1+ ing + Object ?
Example - Are you playing football ? Is he/she singing a song ?
Present Perfect Tense-
Form : Have/Has + Subject + Verb3 + Object ?
Example - Have you Completed the work ? Has he/she sung a song ?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense-
Form : Have / Has + Subject +been + Verb1+ ing + Object ?
Example - Have you been playing football ? Has he/she been doing her/his homework ?
Past Tense
Simple Past Tense-
Form : Did + Subject + Verb1 + Object ?
Example - Did you know the man ?
Did he/she do the sum ?
Past Continuous Tense-
Form : Be Verb (was/were) + Subject + Verb1+ ing + Object ?
Example - Were you playing football ? Was he/she singing a song ?
Past Perfect Tense-
Form : Had + Subject + Verb3 + Object ?
Example - Had you Completed the work ? Had he/she sung a song ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense-
Form : Had + Subject +been + Verb1+ ing + Object ?
Example - Had you been playing football ? Had he/she been doing her/his homework ?
Future Tense
Simple Future Tense-
Form : Shall/ Will + Subject + Verb1 + Object ?
Example - Will you do the sum ?
Future Continuous Tense-
Form : Will / Shall + Subject +be+ Verb1+ ing + Object ?
Example - Will you be playing football ? Will he/she be sininging a song ?
Future Perfect Tense-
Form : Shall / Will + Subject+have + Verb3 + Object ?
Example - Shall you have Completed the work ? Will he/she has sung a song ?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense- ( আজি-কালি ইয়াৰ ব্য়ৱহাৰ প্রায় নাই বুলিয়েই ক'ব পাৰি ) ।
Interrogative Sentence-ৰ ভাগ ::
Interrogative Sentence-ক তিনি ভাগত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি । যেনে -
1) Yes -No Questions.
2) Wh-Questions
3) Tag - Questions.
Wh-Questions: Wh-শব্দৰে ( Wh- Words ( who, which, whom, what, whose, when, where, why আৰু how) আৰম্ভ হোৱা প্রশ্নক Wh-Question বোলে । এই প্রশ্নৰ উত্তৰ Yes-No-ৰে দিব নোৱাৰি ।
Wh-Questions-ৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য :
১। Wh-শব্দটোৰ পাছত Auxiliary Verb টো বহে । তাৰ পাছতহে Subject টো বহে। যেনে - Who are you talking to ? Where did you hide the letter? What were you doing at 10 O'clock.
২। যদি Preposition-ৰ লগত What ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, তেন্তে Preposition-টো বাক্যটোৰ শেষলৈ আহে । যেনে - What did you open it with? What are you waiting for?
What-ৰ লগত 'Be Verb' আৰু শেষত like ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি প্রশ্ন-বাক্য সজাব পাৰি । যেনে- What was the weather like? What is the food in the hotel like?
What-ৰ পাছত Noun কিছুমান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিও জোখ-মাপ বিষয়ক প্রশ্ন কৰিব পাৰি । যেনে- What height is your room? What age is he?
৩। Howৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা *প্রশ্ন বিলাকৰ পাছত কেতিয়াবা একোটা Adjective লিখা হয় । যেনে - How high is your room? How old is he? How tall is the building? How fast does he drive?
৪। Wh- শব্দৰ পাছত ever ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি । যেনে- Where ever have you been? Who ever told you that?
Tag - Questions: Tag - Questions- এনে এক প্রকাৰৰ Interrogative Sentence য'ত প্রশ্নটো বাক্য এটাৰ শেষত যোৰা লগাই দিয়া হয় । যেনে-
He is your friend, isn't he? He likes you, doesn't he? You aren't coming tomorrow, are you?
Tag-Question-ৰ কেইটামান বৈশিষ্ট্য হ'ল :-
১) Affirmative /Positive Sentence /বাক্যত Negative Tag আৰু Negative Sentence /বাক্যত Positive Tag ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে -
He is a teacher, isn't he? He is not a teacher, is he?
ইয়াত is he - এটা Positive Tag, কিন্তু isn't he-এটা Negative Tag ।
২। মূল Sentence /বাক্যত যি Auxiliary Verb থাকে, Tag টোত সেই Auxiliary Verb টো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে - I haven't met you, have I?
৩। মূল Sentence /বাক্যত যি Auxiliary Verb নাথাকে, Tag টোত সেই 'do' Verb টো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় ।
৪। Imperative Sentence-ৰ ক্ষেত্রত Shall / Will ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি Question Tag যোগ কৰা হয় । যেনে - Bring me a glass of water. => Bring me a glass of water, will you? Let us have a cup of tea. => Let us have a cup of tea, shall we ? কিন্তু Imperative Sentence-ৰ ক্ষেত্রত Negative বা Positive Tag যোগ কৰা হয় । যেনে -
Come to me when you desire. => Come to me when you desire, will you? Come to me when you desire, won't you?
৫। little, few, scarcely, rarely, seldom আদি Semi-Negative -ৰ লগত Positive Tag যোগ কৰা হয় । যেনে -
Few men were present. => Few men were present, did they?
Little can be done. => Little can be done, can it?
কিন্তু, a little, a few আদি Affirmative হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে Negative - Tag যোগ কৰা হয় । যেনে -
A few people were present. => A few people were present, didn't they?
A little has been done. => A little has been done, hasn't it?
৬। Every, Everybody, Everyone, None- থাকিলে Plural Tag ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে । যেনে- Everybody loves an honest man. => Everybody loves an honest man, don't they? Everyone likes him. => Everyone likes him, don't they? None can believes a liar.=> None can believes a liar, do they?
৭। 'Used to' থাকিলে 'did' special finite ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় । যেনে - They used to live together. => They used to live together, did they not?
:: IMPERATIVE SENTENCE ::
যি Sentence -ৰ দ্বাৰা আদেশ, অনুৰোধ, উপদেশ আদি মনৰ ভাৱ প্রকাশ কৰা হয়, তাক Imperative Sentence বোলে । এনে Sentence -ৰ শেষত Full Stop (.) চিন দিয়া হয় । এনে Sentence -ত উদ্দেশ্য বা Subject (You) টো সদায় উহ্য থাকে । Imperative Sentence বোৰ সদায় Present Tense-ত হয় । ইয়াৰ গঠন তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হ'ল :-
1) Affirmative Imperative Sentence :=> Verb + Object.
Examples :- Be ready by 7 O' clock tomorrow morning. Go there. Come here. Stand Up. Be kind to the poor.Take your camera with you. Please come with me.
2) Negative Imperative Sentence => Don't + Verb + Object.
Examples :- Don't open the window. Don't stop working right now. Please don't go now.
Imperative Sentence -ৰ Subject ( সাধাৰণতে You) উহ্য থাকে । Subject -টো 'You'-ৰ বাহিৰে আন কিবা হ'লে Imperative Sentence -ৰ আৰম্ভনিতে 'Let' Verb টো ব্যৱহাৰ হয় ।
Examples :- Let him go now. Let Ram sit down. Let her do this sum.
In English language, based on the structure, there are four types of sentences. They are:
Information about clauses that you should know:
Before delving into the details of sentence structures, let us learn some basic facts about clauses because all sentences consist of clauses. Some sentences consist of only one clause (simple sentence) whereas some sentences may contain several clauses (complex, compound, or complex- compound sentences). A clause should have a subject and predicate of its own and should express a thought. There are two types of clauses, namely,
Independent clause or main clause
An Independent clause is a clause that has a subject and a predicate of its own and makes good sense by itself. In other words, it can be said that an Independent clause can stand by itself as a sentence. Therefore, it is called an Independent clause. It is also called main clause, principal clause, and co- ordinate clause.
Dependent clause or subordinate clause
A Dependent clause, also called a subordinate clause, is a clause that is a part of a sentence. It cannot stand on its own and make complete sense. It must depend on the main clause to have complete sense. For this reason, it is called a dependent clause.
As a basic example, a sentence which shows an Independent clause, and a Dependent clause is given hereunder.
- They went home when the night came.
In the above sentence,” They went home” is the independent clause because it has got a subject (They) and a predicate (went home), and it expresses a complete idea. It can stand as a sentence by itself. On the other hand, the clause, ” when the night came.” cannot stand on its own and make complete sense. It is dependent on the main clause, “They went home”. So “when the night came“ is a dependent clause.
Now let us study the sentence structures one by one.
1. The simple sentence
Simple sentences are one of the 4 types of sentences based on structure. While it is the easiest sentence to create, it does have some rules you must follow. Along with being one independent clause there are aspects that need to be part of the sentence:
It must have a subject and a verb.
It must express a complete thought.
It can only have one clause.
That is simple and straightforward. Here are a few examples of a simple sentence:
- I ran out of paper for the printer.
- The cake smells good.
- Can I have some milk to drink, please?
- She went to the store.
These are quite simple and quite easy sentences to create and use.
2. The compound sentence
Compound sentences contain at least two independent clauses that have related ideas. These clauses are joined using a coordinating conjunction, a correlative conjunction, semicolon, or a conjugative adverb
Here are a few examples of compound sentences:
- The photographer wiggled his bells, and the baby smiled.
- I arrived late; however, the class had not begun.
- It was hot outside, but the ice cream did not melt.
How to form compound sentences?
We can combine two simple sentences only if they are related. You cannot pick two completely different simple sentences, link them together, and claim you have made a compound sentence. What you made was an English mess. For example, let us take the two simple sentences given below.
- I want to play chess. He will go to Delhi tomorrow.
The above two sentences have no relation to each other. Therefore, they cannot be combined.
Now look at the following sentences
- I want to buy a scooter. I haven’t sufficient money.
Above sentences have relation with each other. They can be combined to form a compound sentence as shown below:
- I want to buy a scooter, but I haven’t sufficient money.
Compound sentences can be formed using any one of the following four methods as the situation demands.
- Using coordinating conjunction
- Using correlative conjunction
- Using semicolon
- Using conjugative adverb
FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES USING A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
We know that there are seven coordinating conjunctions in English language, and they are: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So (Acronym: FANBOYS).
When we join two independent clauses with a coordinate conjunction to form a compound sentence, we must choose the most suitable one for the context.
Punctuation rule: The coordinate conjunction must be preceded by a comma.
Examples:
- I ran to class, but my friend walked.
- Ann went to her friend’s house, and her sister accompanied her.
- I went quickly, for I had to attend a meeting at 9.00 A.M.
If the independent sentences to be joined are short and closely related either a comma or a coordinating conjunction are sufficient for joining the same.
Example:
- Ann opened the door and Jill took the bag inside. (No comma)
- Ann opened the door, Jill took the bag inside. (Only comma)
FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES USING A CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
We know that correlative conjunctions are paired conjunctions, that are always used together. Some of the most common correlative conjunctions are:
not only… but also
either…or
neither…nor
No sooner … than
We can join two independent clauses using a pair of correlative conjunctions. But while choosing a correlative conjunction to form a compound sentence, care must be taken to select the most suitable conjunction capable of expressing the relationship between the two independent clauses.
Punctuation rule: A comma must come before the conjunction that introduces the second independent clause.
Examples:
- John is not only very handsome, but also is highly intelligent.
- You can either go with Jim in his car or go by bus afterwards.
- I neither know, nor wish to know about Jill’s whereabouts.
- No sooner had I reached the hall, than the meeting started.
FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES USING SEMICOLON
If the two independent sentences to be joined are closely related, we can join them only with a semicolon.
Examples:
- I wanted to play caroms; my friend wanted to play chess.
- Jill filled the bucket; Jack carried it.
- I brought the rope; father tied the knot.
FORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES USING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
We know that conjunctive adverbs are adverbs used as conjunction to join two independent clauses. Thus, using conjunctive adverbs too, we can form compound sentences. There are a lot of conjunctive adverbs in English language. When we choose a conjunctive adverb to join two independent clauses, care must be given to select one that is most suited to the relationship of the two clauses.
Punctuation rule: A semicolon precedes conjunctive adverb and a comma after it.
Examples:
- I was awake the whole night; therefore, I am feeling sleepy now.
- Jack misbehaved in the class; as a result, he got punishment from his teacher.
- We have not received your reservation; therefore, our assumption is that you will not be attending the meeting.
3. The complex sentence
The complex sentence is a sentence that consists of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, introduced, and joined with the linking word, called subordinating conjunctions. There are a lot of subordinate conjunctions in English language. Some of the commonly used subordinate conjunctions are: as, as if, before, after, because, though, even though, while, when, whenever, if, during, as soon as, as long as, since, until, unless, where, and wherever
Some examples of complex sentences are as follows:
- As the bridge wasn’t properly maintained by the government, it fell down.
- Whenever they eat at this restaurant, they order a hamburger and fries.
- He’ll be able to maintain a healthy weight if he keeps exercising.
- As the world is getting warmer, polar bears are in danger of becoming extinct.
In the above complex sentences, the dependent clauses are highlighted. A subordinate conjunction introduces and links each of the dependent clauses to the independent clause. The dependent clause may be an adverb clause, a noun clause, or a relative clause.
Notice that the independent clause does not have to be the first clause in the sentence. When the dependent clause is placed first, we generally put a comma after it. But in case the independent clause comes first no comma is usually needed.
Example:
He will pass the test if he studies well.
4. The compound-complex sentence
To make a compound-complex sentence, you need at least two independent clauses, a conjunction, and one or more dependent clauses (subordinate clauses).
To make it simple, you are combining two sentence types together. That is, a complex and compound sentence are combined to form a compound-complex sentence. Some examples will help you:
- We did not win the game, but we were not unhappy because we, the beginners, had faced the veterans confidently.
We did not win the game – Independent clause
we were not unhappy – Independent clause
but – Coordinating conjunction
(because we, the beginners, had faced the veterans confidently). – Dependent clause
because – Subordinating conjunction
In the above example, there are two Independent clauses combined with the coordinating conjunction” but”, and one dependent clause connected to the independent clause with the subordinating conjunction, “because”
- The flower girl was crying because she could not sell her flowers till evening, but when the gentleman bought the entire flower basket, she became happy.
The flower girl was crying – Independent clause
she became happy – Independent clause
(because she could not sell her flowers till evening) – Dependent clause
(when the gentleman bought the entire flower basket) – Dependent clause
but – Coordinating conjunction
when, because – Subordinating conjunctions
In the above example, there are two complex sentences (each consisting of one independent clause and one dependent clause), combined with the coordinating conjunction” but”. The dependent clause of the first complex sentence is connected to the independent clause with the subordinating conjunction,” because” and the second complex sentence is connected to the independent clause with the subordinating conjunction, “when”.
- She loved me for the dangers that I had faced to marry her, and I loved her because she loved me.
She loved me for the dangers – Independent clause
I loved her – Independent clause
(that I had faced to marry her) – Dependent clause
because she loved me – Dependent clause
and – Coordinating conjunction
that, because – Subordinating conjunctions
Above example also has two complex sentences connected with the coordinating conjunction, “and”.
As a compound-complex sentence is a combination of complex and compound sentences, so all the rules relevant to both complex sentences and compound sentences are to be observed while forming compound-complex sentences too.
Some final thoughts
It just takes a little patience and dedication to learn everything there is to know about the types of sentences.
As you use English more often, you will naturally transition to the different sentence structures. Soon, you will be able to pick and choose which sentence structure fits your communication purpose and can use all of them at different times.
